All Questions

With plate tectonics, supercontinents split up into smaller continents, and then the smaller continents get mashed up together to form a new supercontinent. There used to be a single supercontinent ...

Where can I find non-country specific, general or most strict set of rules that would pass in most countries, about allowed content of waste water that is allowed to be released into the environment, ...

I am reading a fantasy novel where there is a mountain range where the average mountain height is 10 miles, so some higher some lower, but all extremely high. This got me wondering if such a mountain ...

I'm confused about how to distinguish the two. Prior to making this question. I've read the wikipedia entry on the subject but it mentions that for example a transverse valley makes 90 degrees with ...

I have an odd map projection requirement, but I would like a world map projection where even very small countries, like Luxembourg or Belgium are still visible when also showing China and Canada on ...

I am trying to get time series data for a specific place (latitude and longitude) for different weather elements from the CDS datapool. Therefore, I am using the cdsapi package and can run queries ...

Wherever I look, I find "Temperature Anamolies" which I assume is an annual temperature change relative to the previous year. If I wanted to find the exact temperatures (based on NASA's ...

CO2 absorbs around the 15 microns wavelenght or wavenumber 650, and radiates in the same but also a somewhat wider range. However, the top layer of the oceans seem to also convert that spectrum. ...

Maybe a simple question, but if sulfur hexafluoride is 6 times heavier than air then how does it get into the high atmosphere. All be it in low quantities now, but there is a large stock of the stuff ...

Can wind/air that is moving at average speeds be slowed down by the cause of Friction? Also, Can Air bubbles in water be slowed down because of Friction? Please cite your sources.

I am working on a seismology assignment and it starts with the fundamentals of seismology such as the wave equation, the slowness... such as the question below: write an equation describing the ...

I understand that 40% rel. hum. at 0 °C is less absolute humidity than 40% at 20 °C. However, assume that we have 2$~m^3$ of air. Both are 40% humid at 20 °C. Now we exchange 1$~m^3$ with air that is ...

I trying to study Estuaries and Brackish water. A pycnocline is a layer of water that has the greatest density gradient in a body of water. Are they formed by or after mixing sea and fresh water?

I wonder if household dust is visible and/or harmful. At home, it is visible under sunlight and it is small pieces the size of human hair or slightly smaller. The density by looking at it is ...

Correct me if I'm wrong, but most rivers lie where the water table protrudes into open air. In other words, the water table level is exactly the same as the river water level. (Wikipedia has a good ...

I am thinking of demonstrating aquaponics system in my science project but i am little confused about piping system? What diameter of pipe would it be beneficial for continuous water recirculation. ...

I was reading this material on the mean atmospheric meridional circulation and the definition of the meridional mass streamfunction: http://www.geo.cornell.edu/geology/faculty/Cook/Hadley_book.pdf (...

The Average Surface Temperature of the Earth is calculated by the following equation: $$\sigma T_s^4=\frac{(1-A)\Omega}{4}+\Delta E$$ where, $\sigma$= Stefan-Boltzmann Constant $T_s$= Average Surface ...

The Wikipedia disambiguation page Horseshoe lake lists 31 of them, of which 27 are in the US. Question: Why are there so many "horseshoe lakes"? Are they usually horseshoe-shaped, (or full ...

Coarse grains in a sample of Rhyolite suggest that it formed by …… A-rapid cooling of molten rock materials at the Earth’s surface. B-slow cooling of molten rock materials at the Earth’s surface. C-...

My question deals with the northern hemisphere only, obviously. It seems to me that January and February are the coldest months of the year. Water temperature is even more 'retarded': the seas are ...

Suppose you have a wave heading towards the beach, and under the water the surface rises suddenly then drops again back to the typical average slope of the coastline, does this have a muting affect on ...

Phase change of water at different pressures and temperatures tell us that with no atmospheric pressure 200 Kelvin (minus 73 Celcius) is enough to turn ice into vapor directly Wouldn't that suggest ...

I am a scuba diver, with a big idea that would require me to map various dive sites as I went to them and dove in them. The typical size and other implications of sonar technology would essentially ...

I am using ERA5 data to drive the land surface model. One of the forcing required by LSM is specific humidity. We want to use the 2-m specific humidity. So how can I calculate the specific humidity ...

What is the difference between 3-dimensional cleavage and cubic cleavage? I think, they are the same, but I am not sure about if I was right or not.

Nearly round metallic rock found in Arkansas, inside is marbled with shining metallic. After cleaning with dawn, water and soft tootbrush I matched 2 parts together and turned my back, heard a loud ...

Is there a good chart of the geothermal gradient but near the surface? I haven't been able to find one because they are primarily studied at larger depths, but I would like to know the equilibria at ...

A Geology proffessor recently told me that around 200,000 years ago, when homo sapiens emerged, that "...all of civilisation can now fit on the width of a single strand of human hair." I am ...

A lot of misinformation about earth and it being a sink is spread everywhere, including what I was taught in school, I hope you well-informed folk can help me out. A sort of side-note, if anyone has a ...

As the title says, I'd like to know what the O2 concentration was during the late Miocene period. I've tried to look this up but I'm having a hard time finding any conclusive data on it, or even any ...

I would like to know are questions on earthquakes on-topic on this site? For example, the devastating Earthquake of ASSAM INDIA in 1950 is rarely mentioned in Newspapers nowadays. The book "CODE ...

I am an enthusiast in this area and reading some scientific articles on precipitation forecasting and solar irradiation, I was wondering if these two variables have any direct correlation or ...

If a hypothetical series of debris were to collide into a planet like Earth, I'm aware that dust could very well be sent into orbit, causing global cooling. If this were to happen, exactly how would ...

I'm interested about this rock formation in Arabian desert. The rock looks like melting chocolate. Not sure where the exact Location, the source says it around Al-Ula, Saudi Arabia. Here the image ...

The RT video The Permafrost Mystery: scientists explore giant Yamal Sinkhole (with English subtitles) shows scientists exploring the formation. In one scene after about ...

I used to live in an are with a large factory that processes timber then uses the splinters to create OSB and other wood composites. They also have a formaldehyde factory for producing their own ...

I’m designing a fictional world setting for a game, and I would like to know whether it has a relative coherence based on science. (Don’t mind if it is an almost improbable scenario). Would it be ...

The temperature of a planetary body in space varies with the fourth-root of the power incident upon it, this is derived from the Stefan-Boltzmann Law. This is understandable when applied to a black ...

I read here that volcanoes release about "0.6 billion metric tons of carbon dioxide per year". I wonder though, how scientists can estimate the emissions from large regions with geological ...

The Phys.org article CO2 dip may have helped dinosaurs walk from South America to Greenland quotes Dennis Kent, "adjunct research scientist at Columbia University's Lamont-Doherty Earth ...

If I look at an Earth's map, the Arctic/North Pole always appears just like water. Evidently this is actually covered by ice, with an area depending on the time of the year. If this area is bigger ...

I read coal form in all geologic times but what is oldest know coal source?

Pardon my naive question. But I heard this argument quite sometimes. One can find at the Schlumberger careers page the particularly interesting FAQ: “We are often told that oil is running out. Why ...

I'm currently doing some analysis using atmospheric sounding data available at University of Wyoming (I assume these are from the GTS network). But, the vertical resolution of the sounding data ...

Take our world and look at its surface geography: we have continents and oceans, mountains ridges and canyons, and so on. To my knowledge, most of it has been shaped by tectonic activity (feel free to ...

In areas of very cold temperatures (-20°C and below), it is not uncommon for small streams to freeze completely (as in, from top to bottom) and larger rivers to develop thick ice covers. However, ...

I am currently attempting to read the article "Footwall topographic development during continental extension". The article and its abstract can be found here. When reading the abstract, I ...

Inside the entire Earth as a whole, and throughout our Solar System and galaxy, etc., magnesium is at least 14 times (or more) as common as calcium, atom-per-atom. But, on Earth's crust and oceans, ...

This question is a result of recent news that Earth had a "boring billion" years in which mountains ceased to grow, and subsequently hindered life evolution. The article went on to give ...