All Questions
6,991
questions
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Question about calculating cloud raditiave feedback by adjusted cloud radiative forcing
These two formulas aim to calculate cloud radiative feedback by adjusted cloud radiative forcings. In formula (1), 'F' represents 'Effective Radiative Forcing (ERF)' , while in formula (2), it denotes ...
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1
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0
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17
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Need help to understand definitions in Box 7.1 (Forcing and Response) in IPCC 2021
I'm trying to understand Box 7.1 "The Energy Budget Framework: Forcing and Response" in the IPCC 2021 document. The link is https://www.ipcc.ch/report/ar6/wg1/chapter/chapter-7/ .
$N(x_{1},...
- 111
3
votes
0
answers
47
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Are clouds aerosol?
I recently came across a science writer's page according to which clouds are liquid water. I pointed out to this author that in reality clouds are made up of a dispersion of water micro-droplets in a ...
- 141
3
votes
1
answer
55
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How long does a stratovolcano live?
Will it live for several million years?
Is 3-4 millions years normal?
- 929
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1
answer
93
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If superheavy elements existed in the solar system, why wouldn't we find them on earth?
There is a story going around in the popular science press at the moment on that there are asteroids in the solar system that have a higher density than any known normal (atomic) material, and that ...
- 131
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5
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Input of the relation, source and receptor files into SLB Omega
Is anyone using SLB Omega that knows how to input the source, relation and receptor files that are not using SPS format?
2
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0
answers
23
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Thermal conductivity and diffusivity of diatomite (also known as diatomaceous earth or kieselguhr)
Does anyone know where can I find measured thermal conductivity and thermal diffusivity of diatomite for different temperatures? I'm looking for the temperature dependency for temperatures higher than ...
- 21
6
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3
answers
148
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What criteria determines whether earthquakes are classified as new or aftershocks?
I saw a recent paper where it is claimed that aftershocks can occur years, decades or centuries after the main earthquake.
When seismic activity is observed, what criteria determines the ...
- 181
3
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1
answer
54
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How Low pressure moves across land
I understand that low pressure systems (like hurricanes), can move across oceans since they are constantly fed by warm air from below.
But what is it that enables it to move across land? Especially in ...
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3
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1
answer
130
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At 100% relative humidity, why does the air still feels dry?
At 100% relative humidity, the dew point temperature is the same as the current temperature. One would probably conclude that water would start condensing on surfaces.
But seems that is not always the ...
- 131
5
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2
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152
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Why are ionic bonds considered the "dominant" type in minerals?
I'm just starting out in geology and I keep reading that ionic bonds predominate among minerals. However, the majority of minerals are silicates and the silicate ion has covalent bonds, so they ...
- 153
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1
answer
64
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Is the atmospheric composition still changing naturally?
Earth's atmosphere has gone through "dramatic" composition changes over millions of years. A well-known example is the Great Oxidation Event. Currently the atmosphere is 78% nitrogen, 21% ...
- 756
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1
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51
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Is the Indian subcontinent naturally hazier and dustier than England
In the book The Great Arc, John Keay writes this about the Trigonometrical Survey of India that started in the earlier part of the 19th century:
Survey work was conducted during and immediately after ...
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2
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0
answers
26
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(topic: dynamic meteorology) Problem understanding a picture from Holton version 2004
I'm studying for an exam and I'm having a problem understanding a picture from book "An Introduction to Dynamic Meteorology" by James R. Holton (fig 6.6 in version 2004).
I'm not sure if I ...
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45
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How do we detect thunderbolts in real time?
When I look at radar data (in Windy for example), and I'm looking into a thunderstorm, I often see thunderbolts appearing in 'real time' on the map. How does that work ? I assume some satellites have ...
6
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3
answers
5k
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Why is CO₂ abundance in the atmosphere still small?
Given the fact that industries emit about 1.5 billion metric tons of carbon dioxide each year just in the US, why is it still such a small part of the atmosphere's composition (0.04%)?
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What's the strongest earthquake we currently can miss observing on Earth?
Reading jeffronicus' answer about how seismic stations record bomb explosions, particularly the reminder that the intensity of earthquakes drops by distance, made me start wondering what scale of ...
- 8,713
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1
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Composition of Earth's Core
Is there a list giving an estimate of the abundance of every element of the periodic table in the Earth's Core - possibly differentiating by inner core and outer core?
I am specifically interested in ...
- 29
3
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0
answers
31
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Handling large-scale climate dataset in R
I am analyzing ERA5 climate data spanning from 1950 to 2023, covering 73 years. The dataset has a daily temporal resolution and a spatial resolution of 0.25° (1440 x 720).
Each yearly data is stored ...
- 31
2
votes
0
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82
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How much cooler would the Earth’s surface be if there was no contribution from radiogenic heating?
According to Earth's internal heat budget (Wikipedia) “About 50% of the Earth's internal heat originates from radioactive decay”.
However, this makes up only a small portion of the Earth’s heat budget ...
- 121
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45
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How have Icelandic geologists determined the position and length of the magma under Grindavík?
The Iceland Met Office website has a status page at https://en.vedur.is/about-imo/news/a-seismic-swarm-started-north-of-grindavik-last-night
It has mentioned using models to determine the location and ...
- 391
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0
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102
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Is there such a thing as a "warm wind"?
Sometimes, people say things like "It's only $5^\circ\mathrm{C}$ outside, but there is a warm wind, and it feels much warmer" (I live in Austria, a region where there are Föhn winds). I have ...
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41
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Seeking Advanced Statistical Advice for Analyzing Hourly Precipitation Data Linked to Climate Change
I'm working on a hobby project that investigates the hypothesis: "Increased temperatures due to climate change are causing a rise in precipitation levels." I have an hourly dataset from 2001-...
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3
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1
answer
201
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Are seismometers over the world "feeling" the small earthquakes caused by air raids and shelling on Gaza Strip?
When watching news about earthquakes, I think most people are used to hear about the Richter scale, a logarithmic scale used to measure earthquake intensity. A very strong earthquake, like the 2011 ...
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answers
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Does oxygen propagate towards stronger magnetic fields on Earth?
I noticed Earth has variations in gravity similar to focal points for magnetic fields, both macro and micro in size, caused by magnetic material deposits. With oxygen being attracted to magnets, I ...
- 139
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1
answer
60
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Why does relative vorticity in spherical coordinates have an extra term as compared to the usual cartesian derivation?
With $u, v$ denoting the components of wind velocity along zonal (x) and meridional (y) direction, atmospheric (relative) vorticity is usually defined by
$$\zeta_z = \frac{\partial v}{\partial x} -\...
- 855
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1
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41
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Estimated surface average temperature rise when forest is replaced by solar panels
In some places in the world it can be observed that spots which used to be forest (or with the potential to become a forest) were changed to fields of solar panels.
I've been close to solar panels on ...
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3
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34
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Drawing the cloud cover bar of Skew-T plot
I'm trying to display cloud cover info by altitude from sounding data in a compact widget of an app for free-flight pilots. It's basically the vertical bar showing different shades of gray according ...
- 131
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2
answers
84
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Are there enough rocks that are useful to burn that Paleolithic people would have experimented with them?
I'm not sure where to ask this question, but I thought there might be people on this list who are familiar with rocks and minerals. I've been thinking about the first smelting of ore (which seems to ...
- 131
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1
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99
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What is the ultimate limit of horizontal visibility in Earth's atmosphere? [closed]
When meteorological conditions are favorable for generally unlimited visibility, does that mean the atmosphere is sufficiently clear under these conditions that horizontal visibility is truly ...
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3
answers
123
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When does the International Date Line concept break down?
Edit: this is a very silly question, sorry about that :/ I won't delete it though.
When I was little and learned about the IDL, my first thought was the following: if I could do a couple of circles ...
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44
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Water on our planet, where did it come from? [closed]
Water on our planet, where did it come from?
A water molecule is created when two atoms of hydrogen combine with one atom of oxygen. W
The volume of all water (on our planet) is about 332.5 million ...
4
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1
answer
63
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What 18O indicators are there besides foraminifera?
It is now standard practice to use foraminifera to represent paleo 18O signatures from a marine system. However, there are some problems if you want to show 18O variations in the last 100 years using ...
- 1,906
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How to extend the Wyllie time average equation to multiple constituents
I understand the Wyllie time average equation
How to extend it to multiple constituents ?
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answers
48
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How do I obtain latitude and longitude coordinates from synoptic weather charts
I have collection of images of synoptic weather charts downloaded from Bureau of Meteorology (BoM) which is in GIF format. I'm interested in obtaining the lat lon coordinates of cold fronts (thick ...
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0
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Good modern paper demonstrating differentiation of glauconite and berthierine using xrd or FTIR
I'm looking for a recent paper that demonstrates how one would unambiguously differentiate glauconite from berthierine and have yet to find something useful.
I'm running across a lot of papers seeming ...
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3
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1
answer
55
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Bias correction of CMIP6 projections
Is it always mandatory to perform a bias correction when working with CMIP6 climate projections?
I am working with multiple climate projections from CMPI6 and I'm not sure if this step is necessary, ...
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votes
1
answer
92
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Can phytoplankton growth be stimulated in oceans to sequester CO2?
Casual learner only.
Decades ago, I read, one ocean scientist stated, jokingly, probably, "Give me half a shipload of iron filings and I will give you another ice age." This was in response ...
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2
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0
answers
35
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Three cell model of prevailing winds
I understand the Coriolis Effect, but how does that make the rising air cool 1/3 of the way to the poles, as opposed to non rotating Earth?
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1
answer
64
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What is the reason behind the density being negative value
This is the example density depth functions for various sedimentary sections world wide. But someof the sections marked with red, due to their last term, as i increase the value of z(depth) they ...
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2
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1
answer
104
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How to convert precipitation rate from kilogram per square meter per second (kg m-2 s-1) to millimeter per hour (mm h-1)?
I need some guidance or clarification regarding the units for precipitation rate or precipitation intensity (esp. for rainfall). I'm used to precipitation intensity being expressed in millimeters per ...
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0
answers
27
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How to compare sensitivity with lithology between different crossplots?
In the given figure, which is plot of various elastic parameter for sand (blue) and shale(red) sequence. How to find Which crossplot has has greater sensitivity to lithology? Also what is mean by ...
- 101
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24
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Why is static modulus greater then dynamic modulus in limestone?
Generally dynamic modulus is greater then static modulus and experimental data matches that. But in chalcedonic limestone, the static modulus looks to be greater than the dynamic modulus. What could ...
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44
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What are the central institutes that take care of Arctic research?
I am currently looking for data for a thesis. I wanted to ask which marine research institutes outside the European Union (USA, Canada, China, etc.) deal with the Arctic and/or the AMOC.
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63
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Could humans cause an earthquake?
I saw something that mentioned how, during the 2018 World Cup, after a victory, thousand of fans jumping simultaneously caused seismologists to detect the equivalent energy release of a magnitude 2.0 ...
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Recent sediments from the Central Downwelling Zones of the AMOC
I am looking for research trips on recent sediments (from about 1880) from the Central Downwelling Zones of the AMOC. The focus is on the regions: the Irminger Basin and the Labrador Basin.
I ...
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How much of the planet's land mass is between the Tropic of Cancer and Tropic of Capricorn [closed]
I know this isn't readily available. I know that it is 68% Northern Hemisphere vs 32% Southern. And I know that it's 68% Eastern vs 32% Western.
My wife asked me why I wanted to know and she got the ...
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3
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1
answer
83
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What is the reason that some elastic constants are negative?
In this table of elastic constants, indices m = 1 and n = 4 result in negative values. What could the reason be?
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30
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Understanding the parameters in Stommel's Two-Box Model (a model of ocean circulation based on temperature and salinity)
I was redirected here from the mathematics StackExchange
I am trying to wrap my head around Stommel's Two-Box Model of ocean circulation (specifically of the North Atlantic).
The general idea of this ...
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What is the maximum intensity with which an earthquake can struck Chitral city in Northern Pakistan?
I am working on a disaster response logistics case study in which I am using Mi-17 helicopters for transportation of relief to the affected areas in main Chitral city.
In this regard, I want to ...
