# All Questions

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389 views

### Why are mornings cooler than nights?

In the morning, Google shows the temperature from four or five hours ago (around 2:00 a.m.). But then I update the report, and I get the temperature slightly lower than before. Why is the temperature ...
97 views

### How are we going to handle oxygen shortage problem arising due to massive usage of current fossil fuel combustion and future Hydrogen fuel cell tech?

This question is being redirected from the Chemistry Stack Exchange community. The current corona pandemic has created a situation where in order to save lives, there is a huge huge requirement for ...
18 views

### How to calculate mountain front sinuosity index using DEM?

In tectonic geomorphology the Mountain front sinuosity index is one of the morphometric indexes. Smf = Lmf/Ls I have a DEM, so how do I use it to find the value? According to this diagram do I have ...
88 views

### Does the Earth produces measurable gravitational waves? [closed]

Does the Earth produce measurable gravitational waves? Some recent experiments looking at low-frequency (3E-5 Hz) accelerometer data suggests that it does. The signal that I and others (including ...
22 views

### How to calculate change in volume of a container using rainfall data

I have 2 data. A container data, 3 containers(A1,A2 and A3) all are the same height, but each have varying water volume, the table consist of change of water volume (hourly) for the weeks 1 and 2. .. ...
37 views

### How are weather intensity scales created?

I am interested in the development of scales to measure extreme weather. For example, the Enhanced Fujita Scale for measuring the intensity of tornadoes, etc. How were they created? OK sure, I know ...
2k views

### How can a starting point south of the north pole to an endpoint north of the south pole be halfway around the world?

NOTE: I first posted this question to the GIS StackOverflow site, but someone there said my question would be better suited to the Geography or Earth Science site. GIS seems the perfect place for the ...
94 views

### Will Lithium batteries mean we have to exploit Co-Mn-Ni nodules from the seafloor?

Co-Mn-Ni goes into some of the most efficient Lithium Ion battery chemistry. It is very convenient that Co-Mn-Ni is also readily available from the ocean seabed. Polymetallic nodule contains various ...
41 views

### How do pilots of Deep Sea Vehicles operate the control surfaces and thrusters from inside a pressure hull? [closed]

A Deep Sea Vehicle (DSV) like Trieste or Limiting Factor or now Fundouzhe have control thrusters, ballast that has to be dumped, and other equipment to operate the DSVs. But the pressure hull is a ...
46 views

### Should we have an “Ocean Exploration” site? [closed]

Fellow Earth enthusiasts, I was motivated by Space exploration's site, space.stackexchange.com to try and create a similar technology site for ocean exploration. Perhaps: ocean.stackexchange.com? ...
105 views

### Source of heat in the center of Earth

If I read around most of comments and articles on the Internet give two main reasons for the heat found in the depths of our planet : Super high pressure at the center of it Radioactive decay I need ...
64 views

### Deep Sea Exploration - Is there a purpose to human exploration?

Should humans explore the deep ocean (1800meters or deeper) or is this the realm of AUVs (Autonomous Underwater Vehicles)? It seems that such deep ocean exploration is best done by AUVs. They are ...
46 views

I was given a problem in a competitive exam from previous year: Calculate the rate of change of temperature of the Earth's troposphere with pressure ($\frac{dT}{dP}$), given Scale height, $H$, where $... 1answer 35 views ### How to convert mol m-2 s-1 CO2 emission to Megaton day-1 (MtCO2 per day)? I am working on the global CO2 emission using a model dataset. The model provides the CO2 emission in mol m-2 s-1. How to convert mol m-2 s-1 CO2 emission to Megaton day-1 (Mt per day)? Regards 0answers 28 views ### daylight savings time [closed] could anyone please explain to me the math involved behind daylight savings time ? like instead of telling that "we wake up at 6am". we could just tell "we wake up at 4am" rather ... 1answer 58 views ### Avoiding fake trinitite I would like to get some trinitite for my rock and mineral collection. The problem is that there is apparently a lot of fake trinitite for sale in the internet. How do I avoid the fakes, and be sure I ... 1answer 51 views ### Are the polar vortexes main cause of ozone hole? I read some articles and news from various sources that the Arctic ozone hole has recovered. Some people claim that less emission of harmful gases due to covid-19 made this happen. AFAIK, the past few ... 0answers 53 views ### P-Value of Anthropogenic Climate Change [closed] Is there a p-value associated with anthropogenic climate change? If not, why so? 1answer 51 views ### How does a whirling hygrometer work, how does it differ from static dry/wet bulb thermometer, and how to obtain humidity from its readings? Answers to my previous question How is relative humidity determined from a wet and dry bulb readings? provide equations for converting the two temperature measurements to a relative humidity. In ... 0answers 63 views ### Have “frosty meteorites” ever been observed soon after landing? Are there photos? This answer to Would a gold-containing meteor cause it to “rain” gold? says (in part): Meteors, when in space, are very very very very cold. Their travel duration in Earth's atmosphere is very short, ... 0answers 107 views ### How much does the biosphere contribute to Earth's entropy production? Papers like 1, 2, etc. and the work of Axel Kleidon (e.g. 3) suggest that the the biosphere increases the production of entropy of Earth but I'd like to know if we could quantify this in a simple way. ... 0answers 21 views ### Ionosonde.Why are electron density profile expressed in plasma frequency? I found this image of an electron density profile. ftp://ftp.ngdc.noaa.gov/ionosonde/data/RO041/individual/2021/046/image/RO041_2021046113000_EDP.PNG However, the profile is expressed in terms of &... 0answers 39 views ### How to find inertial advective component of ageostrophic wind in natural coordinates How do you derive the components of the inertial advective wind in natural coordinates? The vector form of the inertial advective wind is: I have been able to find the components in cartesian ... 1answer 80 views ### Is surface temperature relevant for the creation of high- and low pressures areas? Trying to truly understand high- and low-pressure systems, I find explanations contradicting. The question is: Where is the mistake in my line of thoughts? Looking from a surface point of view: More ... 1answer 101 views ### How much would weather data from ocean-going vessels improve climate research? I would like to know how good the weather data coverage is on the surface of the world’s oceans, and how much it would improve climate research/models if weather observations from ocean-going vessels ... 1answer 55 views ### Derivation of Geomagnetic field lines (after interaction with solar wind) I understand that without the solar wind, the Geomagnetic field would essentially be that of a dipole. With the presence of the solar wind, this field is distorted, as can be seen in many images that ... 1answer 110 views ### As the number of ocean dead zones increases, is the world's primary source of atmospheric oxygen (phytoplankton) at risk? Disclaimer: I am not a scientist. I was wondering if there is a concern that the world will run out of breathable atmospheric oxygen as the number of dead zones in the ocean increases with global ... 1answer 49 views ### How to convert Relative humidity (%) or Specific humidity (kg/kg) to Air humidity (mb)? The model I use needs the data of Air humidity and unit is 'mb' (there is no other explanations about this variable), but now I only have two datasets and there are Relative humidity (%) or Specific ... 1answer 82 views ### Were Carboniferous plants more efficient sequestering$\ce{CO2}\$ than present plants?

The Carboniferous was a period where CO2 levels fell drastically. Source: Geologic history of seawater: A MAGic approach to carbon chemistry and ocean ventilation I think the main reasons are ...
16 views

### Conversion of SEG-Y relative to MSL

I am working on the conversion of CSF file from SonarWiz into SEG-Y data. However, it comes back always related to the Sensor depth/altitude and never to the MSL. I have tried changing the bytes from ...
48 views

### What is the typical chemical composition of Earth's mass gain

Consider this : https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Earth_mass#Variation To quote: The main factor in mass gain is in-falling material, cosmic dust, meteors, etc. are the most significant contributors to ...
56 views

### Calculating Love numbers (tidal deformation) for non-homogeneous planets

I have a question about planetology. I'm not sure if it belongs here, but the astronomy stack exchange seemed a bit odd, too. I would like to enhance my understanding of Love numbers. Love numbers ...
70 views

### What is this geographical feature? (as seen in maps)

Can someone help me identify this peculiar geographical feature I've noticed in satellite imagery? This particular screenshot is from satellite imagery of northern Russia, however this kind of ...
56 views

### Extinctions and geomagnetic inversions [duplicate]

The article Did the Earth’s magnetic field affect our evolution? on Pledge Times cite this Science paper to assert: These authors speculate that, in the Pleistocene, large mammals could have reached ...
48 views

### Which ocean evaporates the most water per surface area?

I guess the Pacific Ocean evaporates the most water because of its size. But which of the major oceans evaporates the most water per square meter?
74 views

### Is it possible to convert carbon dioxide into a solid at low cost?

Is it possible to reduce the level of carbon dioxide (CO2) in the atmosphere by converting it into a solid, thus reducing the level of greenhouse gases?
3k views

### With all the rain Seattle gets, why is widespread flooding relatively rare?

The Puget Sound region is wedged between the Pacific and the Cascades...you'd think with all that rain (and snowmelt in the warmer months), there would be catastrophic flash flooding in lowland areas, ...
49 views

### Where can I find a list of mountain chains on the Earth?

I want to make an app for smartphones that lists the mountain chains of the world. Where can I find a list of all mountain chains that are presently outspread on the Earth?
37 views

### Where can I find a list of the world's surface ocean currents?

I want to make an app for smartphones that list ocean currents in the world. I have my notes for an oceanography course I undertook at University for deep currents as NADW, ABW etc, but I have not a ...
74 views

### What is the fastest ocean deep current?

The Gulf Stream is the fastest ocean current in the world with peak velocities near 2m/s. Source: marine.coastal.edu What about deep currents, North Atlantic Deep Water, Antarctic Bottom Water, etc? ...
99 views

### Was the Caribbean Sea a closed sea during the last glaciation?

Taking a look at Google Earth the straits between the Caribbean Sea and the Atlantic Ocean are not very deep. The sealevel during the last glaciation was 120 meters lower than the present level. Was ...
80 views

### How big was the eye of the El Reno tornado?

As far as I know, the EF-3 El Reno tornado is by far the largest tornado since meteorologists have started observing them. Tornadoes also have eyes, like hurricanes, but are way too small compared to ...
104 views

### How is the concentration of particulate matter calculated per cubic meter

I have some data about PM10, PM2.5, i.e, how much is generated per day (in kilotonnes) by some sector, say from vehicular emissions. It can be converted to micrograms but I don't know how standard ...
76 views

### What is the maximum size that a drop of rainwater can reach?

This USGS article: "Raindrops are Different Sizes" assures: We can call the growing droplet a raindrop as soon as it reaches the size of 0.5mm in diameter or bigger. If it gets any larger ...
83 views

### Complete missing outcrop problem

Given A is upper limit of sand stone, B is the lower limit of the planes that are equal in distance and dip. Dip angle is 29 degrees. Complete the outcrop of this map. —————————————————————————- Now I ...
180 views

### Who are winners from the global warming? Are there any?

As a person living in Russia, I always had mixed feelings when hearing appeals to fight global warming. On the one hand, I completely understand that it is going to be a disaster for lots of people. ...
131 views

### Are wetlands effective against climate change?

In the region where I live, there is a trend that conservation organizations are advocating the conservation and re-valuation of wetlands. Aside from boosting biodiversity and providing other ...
62 views

### What kind of rock is this? [closed]

A few years ago in Venezuela, parque nacional de Cainama, the tourist guide found and gave me this rocks, he told us that a geologist told him that those could be radioactive but no one believed him. ...