What is the most optimal latitude on Earth for the generation of extreme maximum temperatures?

Question

First question on this StackExchange, so here goes...

Overall, reaching high temperatures is dependent on 2 factors:

1. The (maximum) solar angle in the day. The greater the solar angle, the more insolation is received by the surface and air, allowing higher maximum temperatures assuming no thermal inertia.
2. The length of the day. The longer the day, the more total solar radiation arrives in one 24-hour span, and the shorter the night is to radiate off excess energy, both of which due to the thermal inertia of the atmosphere and ground bias them towards hot temperatures.

(Again due to thermal inertia, it may be dependent on the day length and solar angle of previous days, though this influence is more minor.)

The first factor explains why even though at the summer solstice the poles accumulate more solar energy over 24 hours than any other place on Earth (I know I had a source on this. I can't find it, though.), they are still extremely cold as the low solar angle prevents reaching higher temperatures. The second factor explains why even though the equatorial region has the highest average maximum solar angles throughout the year, they don't get especially hot (even in rare desert areas) as the day length is nearly constant throughout the year.

Ergo, the outer tropics and the subtropics experience the hottest extreme maximum temperatures on Earth. This can be seen in the records for each continent that has a large stretch in that area:

• America (South): 48.9 °C in Rivadavia, Argentina (24.18[3]° S)
• Africa (South): 50 °C in Dunbrody, South Africa (~33.4° S)
• Australia: 50.7 °C in Oodnadatta, South Australia (27.54811° S)
• Africa (North): 51.3/53.5 °C in Ouargla, Algeria (31.95° N)
• Asia: 53.9 °C in Mitribah, Kuwait (29.81[6]° N)
• and lastly, America (North): 54.0/54.4/56.7 °C in Furnace Creek, California, USA at a rather high 36.458056° N.

Presumably, the spread in latitudes is due to the geography in those areas being much more suited to the generation of extreme heat than places at the "absolute ideal latitude". But what is this absolute ideal latitude? At what point from the equator do the combination of day length and solar angle in summer create the most optimal conditions for extreme heat, other factors being equal?

(My scientific wild ass guess is 30°, but I'd like a more educated answer.)

Answer 1

Interesting question. I made a quick analysis based on ERA5 climate reanalysis. The maps below show the absolute maximum air temperature at 2 m height above ground (or simply air temperature), derived from latest 29 years (period 1994-2022). You find clear indication of the hottest regions.

Global map of the absolute maximum air temperature

The same map with the focus on the regions with highest documented air temperature

Note, that (of course) measured data by meteorological station locally can (slightly) differ from modeled ERA5 data.

Answer 2

The places that get the hottest temperatures are close to the equator but not necessarily on the equator. They will be low lying places, perhaps below sea level, and 'enjoying' a continental climate. For the record books, they will also need to be places where a climatologist passes through at the right time to measure it. I see you mention some record temperatures in your question, but I don't remember off hand what the absolute world record temperature is. It won't be far short of 55 C, but what amazes me is how the people who measured such temperatures survived to tell the tale. The atmosphere must have been very dry. From the point of view of human wellbeing, in high humidity temperatures well short of world record don't feel well short, and are almost as dangerous.