What would happen if a Richter magnitude 13 earthquake occurred? I read (at http://www.tulane.edu/~sanelson/Natural_Disasters/impacts.htm; about halfway down the page) that if a comet were to ever hit Earth, it would create a Richter magnitude 13 earthquake.
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3$\begingroup$ This question would be improved if it had a link to the source stating a comet could produce a 13 magnitude earthquake. $\endgroup$– FredMar 17, 2016 at 23:12
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2$\begingroup$ See also this answer to Are Richter-magnitude 10 earthquakes possible? $\endgroup$– gerrit ♦Mar 18, 2016 at 11:26
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$\begingroup$ The last entry in en.wikipedia.org/wiki/… shows the energy release of a Richter 13 magnitude and compares it to an event that occurred 65 million years ago. $\endgroup$– user967Mar 19, 2016 at 14:27
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2$\begingroup$ Not sure, but I feel like if a comet hit earth, the resulting earthquake probably wouldn't be the worst of our worries... $\endgroup$– naught101Mar 22, 2016 at 0:13
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1$\begingroup$ Well to start it will probably set off every other faultline on the planet under even the most modest pressure. Not to mention volcanoes, land slides, a few other marginally stable systems. $\endgroup$– JohnDec 20, 2018 at 4:16
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It can be problematic to use an earthquake magnitude scale for such purposes. To explain why, you have to look at the different scales how they were produced. The magnitude scales are normally used related to earthquakes on earth, resulting from elastic rebound effects from fault activity. The Richter scale (local magnitude, ML) is, easily said, measured by the amplitude of a seismograph in < 100 km distance the centre. It gets inaccurate at a magnitude greater than 6.5. From a magnitude greater than ca. 8, even the teleseismic calculated surface-wave magnitude scale (MS) gets inaccurate. For greater magnitudes, the magnitude has to be modelled in a completely different way: Here, the moment magnitude scale (MW) is used. It is defined in relation to the seismic moment:
$M_{W} = \frac{2}{3} log (M_{0}) - 10.7 $
The seismic moment M0 is defined as:
$M_{0} = D *A * m$
where $D$ is mean displacement at the total fault, $A$ is the fault and $m$ the rigidity (shear strength) of the faulted rock. It can only be modelled by visible surface offset/displacement.
So, let's come back to the question: The magnitude of an earthquake is related to the length of the fault. The problem of a magnitude 13 is, that it is not possible according to this concept due to the earth's physical limitations. Keep in mind, that with one magnitude higher, a quake has about 32 times more energy. Of course, you can compare the energy for instance to that of an impact event - which is also often done. However, it is not easy to presume the intensity.
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1$\begingroup$ The moment magnitude scale is defined in: Hanks, T. C., and H. Kanamori (1979), A moment magnitude scale, J. Geophys. Res., 84(B5), 2348–2350, doi:10.1029/JB084iB05p02348. A graph showing the relationship between different magnitude scales can be seen in Fig. 2 here or here $\endgroup$ Mar 22, 2016 at 7:21
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1$\begingroup$ This seems like you could compare the energy released during an earthquake with the binding energy that the crust has around earth. Doing this would fortify your argument. $\endgroup$ Dec 19, 2018 at 21:51