Questions tagged [climate]
Average weather conditions for a particular area measured over multiple years or decades. For questions on climate change use the [climate-change] tag.
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Handling large-scale climate dataset in R
I am analyzing ERA5 climate data spanning from 1950 to 2023, covering 73 years. The dataset has a daily temporal resolution and a spatial resolution of 0.25° (1440 x 720).
Each yearly data is stored ...
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Seeking Advanced Statistical Advice for Analyzing Hourly Precipitation Data Linked to Climate Change
I'm working on a hobby project that investigates the hypothesis: "Increased temperatures due to climate change are causing a rise in precipitation levels." I have an hourly dataset from 2001-...
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Estimated surface average temperature rise when forest is replaced by solar panels
In some places in the world it can be observed that spots which used to be forest (or with the potential to become a forest) were changed to fields of solar panels.
I've been close to solar panels on ...
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Would the North Pole have a continental climate with warm summers if it was surrounded by land?
I was researching solar insolation and found that solar insolation at the poles over summer is roughly equivalent to several places on earth that have relatively warm summers. Below is a Matlab graph ...
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Map showing monthly or weekly average low temperatures in Turkey and Iran
I am hoping to walk from Trabzon to Astara during October and November. I am hoping to take the route that will have the highest "average low" temperature across this period, to make camping ...
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What is the baseline temperature for the climate-change debate
All of the literature at the heart of the current climate change debate talks about +1.5 degrees or +2.0 degrees above the pre-industrial average.
I understand that, usually, pre-industrial means 1850-...
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What causes the rapid change in temperature / climate at various points in the past 10 million years, generally speaking?
I am reading about the evolution of humans from ~2mya to today, and am running into some stuff on Geology like the 8.2-kiloyear event, and other "cooling" events and warming events. I ...
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Assessment of Antarctic temperature anomalies
The University of Maine website climatereanalyzer.org has a plethora of data visualizations, among them a display of 2 meter temperature anomalies.
The image of Antarctica today is below, with a green ...
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How to contextualize climate "1.14C warmer than pre-industrial" for a general audience
I'm trying to help a general audience understand some important climate numbers, starting with the fact that we're about 1.14°C warmer than pre-industrial. Is it helpful context or misleading ...
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Downloading JRA-3Q efficiently using a python script
The JRA-3Q dataset is available from DIAS. There is an online interface to download what you need file-by-file.
Other reanalyses like ERA5 and MERRA2 have access points that let you write a python ...
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What is the highest evaporation rate in the world? I know evaporation rates for Australia
I have been searching for the above answer for more than 25 years.
I am providing a map of Australia for comparison
http://www.bom.gov.au/climate/maps/averages/evaporation/
Is evaporation rate 4000 ...
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Temperature Data Software
I'm looking to create a map of the U.S. that depicts mean winter and summer temperatures. Is there a software suitable for this?
I found CSVs of data here: https://www.ncei.noaa.gov/data/normals-daily/...
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Where is seasonally latent heat stored?
The hottest and coldest days of the year lag the solstices by several weeks. Where is the latent heat stored that causes that? Obviously, it's some combination of land, sea, and air, but which (if ...
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How is the "hottest day ever on Earth" determined?
The news is reporting a global climate event:
The hottest day ever on Earth since records began happened on July 3, 2023.
Earth's hottest day ever recorded was on July 3, 2023
Turns out, the record ...
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How to calculate ΔSST change in time series climate dataset
I have monthly SST data (21 years = 252 months) and now I am wondering to figure out ΔSST in python.
Basically I am unable to understand the Δ term meaning as shown in below equation:
I am able to ...
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The hottest part of the day
I have lived nearly my entire life in the same home. It appears to me, the hottest part of the day is getting a bit latter in the day. I tired doing a google search, but I did not see any links that ...
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Curve number adjustment based on antecedent rainfall
Is there any equation I can use to determine curve number as a function of the antecedent precipitation? I am aware of three sets of curve numbers for dry, wet and normal conditions. I was looking at ...
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Planetary surface temperature from first principles
How can you calculate planetary surface temperatures from first principles? The obvious application is for Earth, with a surface temperature of $288$K. I want a calculation with no fudge factors (i.e.,...
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Why is it that the Holocene's temperature is much more stable than the Pleistocene?
I'm currently in university for environmental science, and in a lecture on paleoclimate our professor showed some graphs of climate in the Holocene and Pleistocene periods (included below), then ...
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Dedicated book to understand climate and ocean science
Let me explain: I am a physics student who did some basic earth science during my early high school days. But thinking about earth science makes me very curious about deeper topics, like how the ...
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Why is geothermal heat insignificant to surface temperature?
I believe the temperature gradient underground is as high as 30°C per kilometer of depth. Thus, it is very warm only 1 kilometer below the Earth's surface. Yet, it is commonly stated that geothermal ...
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Ocean oscillations with long time periods
I heard that some ocean oscillations act on a time scale of a millennium. Is this true, or at least argued by some oceanographers? If so, what are they and what causes them? If not, what are the ...
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“Coastal regions experience moderate climate”. What size are these regions?
It’s common knowledge (and I’m expecting correct) that coastal regions experience moderate climate. But how far is the coastal region affected?
Does this affect people sitting on the beach? The ...
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What are some places that have never recorded an "ice day" nor a "tropical night"?
An ice day is a day on which the maximum temperature doesn't exceed 0 °C and a tropical night is a night on which the minimum temperature exceeds 20 °C. Probably no part of the tropics has experienced ...
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Rossby waves in the atmosphere
I have trouble understanding the Rossby waves in the atmosphere.
Sometimes they are said to be caused by the jets moving from west to east. But the phase velocity of the waves is in the west direction ...
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If all land mass was desert would the world be hotter or colder than it is now?
Its normally said that deserts cool planets because they reflect more radiation back to space. According to this logic if all the land mass in the world was desert the world should be colder.
Is it ...
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What are the next meteorology breakthroughs? [closed]
It seems to me that not much attention is given to meteorology these days. I am wondering if this is because it is an almost "solved" science in terms of what could be possibly known and ...
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How has the earth's temperature stayed relatively stable despite all the heat released in the atmosphere by humans? [duplicate]
If one considers the sum total of human heat emissions, especially over the last 3 centuries, the temperature increase over the time period does not seem to be commensurate. What gives? What self ...
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How much shifts the Subtropical high zone from 30 degrees during seasons?
The Intertropical Convergence Zone (ITCZ) is a band of low pressure that runs around the planet Earth; The Polar front is the Arctic band of low pressure that run around 60° N and south.
Both those ...
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On the occurrence of 'two summers' on certain regions of the Earth
My conception is that the two factors affecting seasons should be the following:
The relative duration of day and night throughout one rotation
The angle made by the sunlight w.r.t the normal to the ...
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Daily data for snow water equivalent (not including rain)
Do you know a way to find daily snow water equivalent data, for just snow and not any rain that may have fallen same day?
Backstory:
Hi, I'm pretty new to all this. I work for a small city that wants ...
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Why do clouds have positive climate feedback although they have a cooling net effect?
In a lecture we learned that instantaneously removing all clouds from earth would give radiation forcing of about 18W/m² [1], leading to significant warming. So clouds, in simple words, cool the earth ...
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Is good rainfall in the UK the result of being a small island surrounded by large moving seas, having mountains and trapped salt [closed]
If the mountains were levelled and salt removed would the country experience as much rainfall?
Context
Damp in houses:
Salt absorbs moisture: think of plaster walls that grow mould from proximity to a ...
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is there any site a layman can understand excess rain (floods) and earth warming
I am not a scientist but I am interested in the effects of global warming on the envirand would like to read more in a layman form.
I have read where global warming - hotter earth surface temperature ...
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What are the main differences between the reference temperature and the average air temperature?
Last week when I was dealing with the North American Multi-Model Ensemble (NMME) seasonal forecasting system, a variable named “tref,” or Reference Temperature, caught my attention.
I read some ...
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IPCC AR6 References
Does the IPCC publish its references (i.e. the references used in the report, not citations for the reports or chapters themselves) beyond what is in the PDFs of the reports themselves?
I'm looking ...
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Approximating Soil Moisture level
Are there any simple models to approximate soil moisture level (%) as a function of distance from a waterbody (say a lake)? If one assigns saturation level of lake to 100% , then are there any ...
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What is the definition for a hyper-humid area?
We can use the aridity index $\left ( ai = \dfrac{P}{PET} \right )$ to define arid areas. Hyperarid areas have $ai < 0.05$. Is there a similar threshold for hyper-humid regions?
Would it be 20 (...
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Why are rainy seasons different in different locations?
I noticed that the Middle East's rainy season generally runs from November to May; but Florida, which is at almost the same latitude, is exactly the opposite, peaking from May to November. Can anyone ...
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What was the physical environment like in the Fertile Cresent between 10k BCE and 1 CE?
Mesopotamia was part of the Fertile Crescent, and Assur was an Assyrian city in Mesopotamia for roughly 1500 years, but it looks like this now (barely any vegetation, pure desert):
What was the ...
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How do I calculate the Madden-Julian Oscillation (MJO) phase from RMM1 & RMM2? [closed]
I want to calculate the Madden-Julian Oscillation (MJO) phase by myself using Real-time Multivariate MJO series 1 (RMM1) and 2 (RMM2) from a data file.
The formula for doing so is:
$MJO phase = \...
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What is the current atmospheric concentration of $\small\sf{CO_2}$ in the atmosphere in atm (or bar)?
For some reason, I can only find the answer in ppm and I don’t know how to do this conversion.
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Why do the isotherms bulge north of the Bering Strait in winter, and bulge south of the Bering Strait in summer?
My grade-7 geography textbook contains these world average temperatures for January and July.
Average air temperatures in January (winter in the northern hemisphere)
Average air temperatures in July ...
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ERA5 Single Level - Calculate relative humidity
for ERA5 hourly data on single level relative humidity can not be downloaded. However, dewpoint temperature is given and in the description it is stated that "combined with temperature and ...
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Change in vapour pressure due to climate change
I was just wondering how much the vapour pressure has changed due to climate change. Because with changing temperatures, the vapour pressure also changes; this is described by the Clausius-Clapeyron ...
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Why do colder climates have more rugged coasts?
I've been playing Worldle for a while, and noticed that colder countries seem to have more rugged coasts. See Svalbard for example:
And Patagonia:
Whereas e.g. Bali is smoother:
Does it have ...
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If radiative forcing will remain the same when 'net-zero' is achieved, why do some experts think the climate will not warm after this?
As argued in this Nature letter [1] by Matthews and Weaver, when we achieve net-zero emissions further warming will cease. The authors cite numerous models, and say that future emissions are a leading ...
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What would the climate and greenhouse effects be if the oceans contained half as much water?
Imagine the Earth contains 50% the water it currently contains. The oceans are still located in the same place, but they are much shallower. How would this affect the climate and the climate stability ...
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How quickly climate zones are shifting due to climate change!
Hi I was wondering how fast the climate zones (according to W. Köppen) have shifted in the last 22 years. It is well known that the zones shift about 100-200 km to the north or south for each degree ...
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How does the increase in CO2 concentration model explain the extreme lower colder temperatures
With burning of fossil fuels resulting in increased CO2 concentration, I get how increase in CO2 leads to a hotter planet and global warming because Earth's heat balance has been affected by CO2 ...
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