Questions tagged [climate]
Average weather conditions for a particular area measured over multiple years or decades. For questions on climate change use the [climate-change] tag.
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Estimating global sea level at lower temperatures
In particular I'm interested in finding out what the sea level would be under a sustained average of -1.5°C below the pre-industrial mean, i.e an average global temperature of 12.23°C. However a ...
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How to define sub-year groupings in ISO-8601 for climatology - What week numbers constitute a season?
ISO 8601 is a time/date standard that allows for sub-year groupings - for example, 2024-25 indicates a time period of Spring in the Northern Hemisphere, year 2024.
I am constructing a climatological ...
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Why is the climate for the north-eastern coast of North America continental (D), not temperate (C)?
Regions of north-eastern North America such as Long Island, New England and the Maritimes, are classified as Dfa and Dfb in the Köppen-Geiger classification, despite being on the coast. Why don't they ...
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The UV radiation values inside the dataset are too large
I am trying to make a website to check the UV intensity of various cities.
When I read the paper Two ultraviolet radiation datasets that cover China I had a doubt.
The UV radiation in Table 4 of the ...
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Effect of carbon dioxide on past ice ages
If anthropogenically produced carbon dioxide has prevented the earth from entering a new ice age, why were past ice ages not prevented from occuring since carbon dioxide levels were much higher in the ...
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is there evidence for geographical determinism? does geography explain differences in human populations around the world?
are there specific reasons why some cultures have built larger empires throughout history and is it motivated by their geographic conditions (poor soil conditions, less arability, poor agricultural ...
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Rough empirical formula for average temperature and pressure
Is there a rough empirical formula that approximates local average annual air temperature and pressure from geographical latitude, altitude and distance from ocean shore?
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Does carbon dioxide naturally freeze on Earth?
The coldest temperature ever measured at Vostok Station is -89.2 °C, well below the sea-level sublimation point of carbon dioxide at -78.5 °C. However, Vostok Station is well above sea level (3488 m)....
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Unexplained Jump in NOAA Climatological Data Post-2001
Earth Science community,
I've encountered a puzzling issue with a dataset from NOAA's Local Climatological Data Airports Database (which can be accessed here: https://www.ncei.noaa.gov/data/local-...
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How does coastal fog form on the Chilean coast?
When traveling through the northern parts of Chile (La Serena, Antofagasta) during November and December, I noticed a thin layer of coastal fog very close to the coastline.
Since this fog was present ...
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Controlled studies of CO2 as a greenhouse gas
Since climate change is such a big topic and the world is investing billions of dollars each year.
Are there any controlled studies of CO2 as a greenhouse gas?
It's quite simple:
build two 3mx3mx3m ...
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Question regarding the breakup of India from Eastern Gondwana [closed]
I wanted to ask this question as it relates to a project I am working on. In this "timeline" when India broke away from Gondwana the Indian Plate took a small piece of land from Eastern ...
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The reason for numerous warmer spots on Ellesmere and Axel Heiberg
About a year ago I read about the "arctic oasis of the Lake Hazen" in the Ellesmere Island Wiki article. According to that article, it is a thermal oasis. In the nearest Greenland areas, ...
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Calculating the forcing factor for CH4, O3L and O3S
I have estimated the emissions (NOx, CO and HC) from a certain route, hence this is a list with emissions in grams per minute. Now I want to give some idea on the climate impact, so use the thesis ...
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How did the Earth cool from a temperature of hundreds-of-degrees, if runaway greenhouse effects also happen?
From this article:
the team from the University of Geneva (UNIGE) and the French National Centre for Scientific Research (CNRS) studied what would happen if the greenhouse effect were trapped inside ...
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Do sustainable aviation fuels make sense?
I'm not an expert in the sustainable aviation fuel field, but I have a descent understanding of science and the energy sector.
I recently attended a conference where there were several presentations ...
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How can gaseous abundance in ppm be converted to density?
Consider a measurement of the concentration of a gas such as ozone in Earth's atmosphere in pseudo-units of parts-per-million (ppm). What is needed to convert such a measurement to density of the gas? ...
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Handling large-scale climate dataset in R
I am analyzing ERA5 climate data spanning from 1950 to 2023, covering 73 years. The dataset has a daily temporal resolution and a spatial resolution of 0.25° (1440 x 720).
Each yearly data is stored ...
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Estimated surface average temperature rise when forest is replaced by solar panels
In some places in the world it can be observed that spots which used to be forest (or with the potential to become a forest) were changed to fields of solar panels.
I've been close to solar panels on ...
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Would the North Pole have a continental climate with warm summers if it was surrounded by land?
I was researching solar insolation and found that solar insolation at the poles over summer is roughly equivalent to several places on earth that have relatively warm summers. Below is a Matlab graph ...
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Map showing monthly or weekly average low temperatures in Turkey and Iran
I am hoping to walk from Trabzon to Astara during October and November. I am hoping to take the route that will have the highest "average low" temperature across this period, to make camping ...
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What is the baseline temperature for the climate-change debate
All of the literature at the heart of the current climate change debate talks about +1.5 degrees or +2.0 degrees above the pre-industrial average.
I understand that, usually, pre-industrial means 1850-...
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What causes the rapid change in temperature / climate at various points in the past 10 million years, generally speaking?
I am reading about the evolution of humans from ~2mya to today, and am running into some stuff on Geology like the 8.2-kiloyear event, and other "cooling" events and warming events. I ...
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Assessment of Antarctic temperature anomalies
The University of Maine website climatereanalyzer.org has a plethora of data visualizations, among them a display of 2 meter temperature anomalies.
The image of Antarctica today is below, with a green ...
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How to contextualize climate "1.14C warmer than pre-industrial" for a general audience
I'm trying to help a general audience understand some important climate numbers, starting with the fact that we're about 1.14°C warmer than pre-industrial. Is it helpful context or misleading ...
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Downloading JRA-3Q efficiently using a python script
The JRA-3Q dataset is available from DIAS. There is an online interface to download what you need file-by-file.
Other reanalyses like ERA5 and MERRA2 have access points that let you write a python ...
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What is the highest evaporation rate in the world? I know evaporation rates for Australia
I have been searching for the above answer for more than 25 years.
I am providing a map of Australia for comparison
http://www.bom.gov.au/climate/maps/averages/evaporation/
Is evaporation rate 4000 ...
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Temperature Data Software
I'm looking to create a map of the U.S. that depicts mean winter and summer temperatures. Is there a software suitable for this?
I found CSVs of data here: https://www.ncei.noaa.gov/data/normals-daily/...
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Where is seasonally latent heat stored?
The hottest and coldest days of the year lag the solstices by several weeks. Where is the latent heat stored that causes that? Obviously, it's some combination of land, sea, and air, but which (if ...
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How is the "hottest day ever on Earth" determined?
The news is reporting a global climate event:
The hottest day ever on Earth since records began happened on July 3, 2023.
Earth's hottest day ever recorded was on July 3, 2023
Turns out, the record ...
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The hottest part of the day
I have lived nearly my entire life in the same home. It appears to me, the hottest part of the day is getting a bit latter in the day. I tired doing a google search, but I did not see any links that ...
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Curve number adjustment based on antecedent rainfall
Is there any equation I can use to determine curve number as a function of the antecedent precipitation? I am aware of three sets of curve numbers for dry, wet and normal conditions. I was looking at ...
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Planetary surface temperature from first principles
How can you calculate planetary surface temperatures from first principles? The obvious application is for Earth, with a surface temperature of $288$K. I want a calculation with no fudge factors (i.e.,...
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Why is it that the Holocene's temperature is much more stable than the Pleistocene?
I'm currently in university for environmental science, and in a lecture on paleoclimate our professor showed some graphs of climate in the Holocene and Pleistocene periods (included below), then ...
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Dedicated book to understand climate and ocean science
Let me explain: I am a physics student who did some basic earth science during my early high school days. But thinking about earth science makes me very curious about deeper topics, like how the ...
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Why is geothermal heat insignificant to surface temperature?
I believe the temperature gradient underground is as high as 30°C per kilometer of depth. Thus, it is very warm only 1 kilometer below the Earth's surface. Yet, it is commonly stated that geothermal ...
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Ocean oscillations with long time periods
I heard that some ocean oscillations act on a time scale of a millennium. Is this true, or at least argued by some oceanographers? If so, what are they and what causes them? If not, what are the ...
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“Coastal regions experience moderate climate”. What size are these regions?
It’s common knowledge (and I’m expecting correct) that coastal regions experience moderate climate. But how far is the coastal region affected?
Does this affect people sitting on the beach? The ...
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What are some places that have never recorded an "ice day" nor a "tropical night"?
An ice day is a day on which the maximum temperature doesn't exceed 0 °C and a tropical night is a night on which the minimum temperature exceeds 20 °C. Probably no part of the tropics has experienced ...
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Rossby waves in the atmosphere
I have trouble understanding the Rossby waves in the atmosphere.
Sometimes they are said to be caused by the jets moving from west to east. But the phase velocity of the waves is in the west direction ...
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If all land mass was desert would the world be hotter or colder than it is now?
Its normally said that deserts cool planets because they reflect more radiation back to space. According to this logic if all the land mass in the world was desert the world should be colder.
Is it ...
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What are the next meteorology breakthroughs? [closed]
It seems to me that not much attention is given to meteorology these days. I am wondering if this is because it is an almost "solved" science in terms of what could be possibly known and ...
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How has the earth's temperature stayed relatively stable despite all the heat released in the atmosphere by humans? [duplicate]
If one considers the sum total of human heat emissions, especially over the last 3 centuries, the temperature increase over the time period does not seem to be commensurate. What gives? What self ...
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How much shifts the Subtropical high zone from 30 degrees during seasons?
The Intertropical Convergence Zone (ITCZ) is a band of low pressure that runs around the planet Earth; The Polar front is the Arctic band of low pressure that run around 60° N and south.
Both those ...
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On the occurrence of 'two summers' on certain regions of the Earth
My conception is that the two factors affecting seasons should be the following:
The relative duration of day and night throughout one rotation
The angle made by the sunlight w.r.t the normal to the ...
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Daily data for snow water equivalent (not including rain)
Do you know a way to find daily snow water equivalent data, for just snow and not any rain that may have fallen same day?
Backstory:
Hi, I'm pretty new to all this. I work for a small city that wants ...
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Why do clouds have positive climate feedback although they have a cooling net effect?
In a lecture we learned that instantaneously removing all clouds from earth would give radiation forcing of about 18W/m² [1], leading to significant warming. So clouds, in simple words, cool the earth ...
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Is good rainfall in the UK the result of being a small island surrounded by large moving seas, having mountains and trapped salt [closed]
If the mountains were levelled and salt removed would the country experience as much rainfall?
Context
Damp in houses:
Salt absorbs moisture: think of plaster walls that grow mould from proximity to a ...
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is there any site a layman can understand excess rain (floods) and earth warming
I am not a scientist but I am interested in the effects of global warming on the envirand would like to read more in a layman form.
I have read where global warming - hotter earth surface temperature ...
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What are the main differences between the reference temperature and the average air temperature?
Last week when I was dealing with the North American Multi-Model Ensemble (NMME) seasonal forecasting system, a variable named “tref,” or Reference Temperature, caught my attention.
I read some ...
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