Questions tagged [climate]

Average weather conditions for a particular area measured over multiple years or decades. For questions on climate change use the [climate-change] tag.

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Handling large-scale climate dataset in R

I am analyzing ERA5 climate data spanning from 1950 to 2023, covering 73 years. The dataset has a daily temporal resolution and a spatial resolution of 0.25° (1440 x 720). Each yearly data is stored ...
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Seeking Advanced Statistical Advice for Analyzing Hourly Precipitation Data Linked to Climate Change

I'm working on a hobby project that investigates the hypothesis: "Increased temperatures due to climate change are causing a rise in precipitation levels." I have an hourly dataset from 2001-...
code_error's user avatar
2 votes
1 answer
39 views

Estimated surface average temperature rise when forest is replaced by solar panels

In some places in the world it can be observed that spots which used to be forest (or with the potential to become a forest) were changed to fields of solar panels. I've been close to solar panels on ...
us3r's user avatar
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3 votes
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Would the North Pole have a continental climate with warm summers if it was surrounded by land?

I was researching solar insolation and found that solar insolation at the poles over summer is roughly equivalent to several places on earth that have relatively warm summers. Below is a Matlab graph ...
SethToast's user avatar
2 votes
1 answer
28 views

Map showing monthly or weekly average low temperatures in Turkey and Iran

I am hoping to walk from Trabzon to Astara during October and November. I am hoping to take the route that will have the highest "average low" temperature across this period, to make camping ...
Tom's user avatar
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What is the baseline temperature for the climate-change debate

All of the literature at the heart of the current climate change debate talks about +1.5 degrees or +2.0 degrees above the pre-industrial average. I understand that, usually, pre-industrial means 1850-...
Andrew's user avatar
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What causes the rapid change in temperature / climate at various points in the past 10 million years, generally speaking?

I am reading about the evolution of humans from ~2mya to today, and am running into some stuff on Geology like the 8.2-kiloyear event, and other "cooling" events and warming events. I ...
Lance's user avatar
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Assessment of Antarctic temperature anomalies

The University of Maine website climatereanalyzer.org has a plethora of data visualizations, among them a display of 2 meter temperature anomalies. The image of Antarctica today is below, with a green ...
Peter - Reinstate Monica's user avatar
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How to contextualize climate "1.14C warmer than pre-industrial" for a general audience

I'm trying to help a general audience understand some important climate numbers, starting with the fact that we're about 1.14°C warmer than pre-industrial. Is it helpful context or misleading ...
john's user avatar
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3 votes
1 answer
205 views

Downloading JRA-3Q efficiently using a python script

The JRA-3Q dataset is available from DIAS. There is an online interface to download what you need file-by-file. Other reanalyses like ERA5 and MERRA2 have access points that let you write a python ...
alex_danielssen's user avatar
1 vote
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What is the highest evaporation rate in the world? I know evaporation rates for Australia

I have been searching for the above answer for more than 25 years. I am providing a map of Australia for comparison http://www.bom.gov.au/climate/maps/averages/evaporation/ Is evaporation rate 4000 ...
Tad Soroczynski's user avatar
1 vote
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Temperature Data Software

I'm looking to create a map of the U.S. that depicts mean winter and summer temperatures. Is there a software suitable for this? I found CSVs of data here: https://www.ncei.noaa.gov/data/normals-daily/...
Test's user avatar
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Where is seasonally latent heat stored?

The hottest and coldest days of the year lag the solstices by several weeks. Where is the latent heat stored that causes that? Obviously, it's some combination of land, sea, and air, but which (if ...
Ed Staub's user avatar
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1 vote
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How is the "hottest day ever on Earth" determined?

The news is reporting a global climate event: The hottest day ever on Earth since records began happened on July 3, 2023. Earth's hottest day ever recorded was on July 3, 2023 Turns out, the record ...
Rebecca J. Stones's user avatar
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21 views

How to calculate ΔSST change in time series climate dataset

I have monthly SST data (21 years = 252 months) and now I am wondering to figure out ΔSST in python. Basically I am unable to understand the Δ term meaning as shown in below equation: I am able to ...
hbkumar's user avatar
1 vote
1 answer
100 views

The hottest part of the day

I have lived nearly my entire life in the same home. It appears to me, the hottest part of the day is getting a bit latter in the day. I tired doing a google search, but I did not see any links that ...
Bob's user avatar
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Curve number adjustment based on antecedent rainfall

Is there any equation I can use to determine curve number as a function of the antecedent precipitation? I am aware of three sets of curve numbers for dry, wet and normal conditions. I was looking at ...
user1889930's user avatar
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Planetary surface temperature from first principles

How can you calculate planetary surface temperatures from first principles? The obvious application is for Earth, with a surface temperature of $288$K. I want a calculation with no fudge factors (i.e.,...
Sebby's user avatar
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2 votes
1 answer
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Why is it that the Holocene's temperature is much more stable than the Pleistocene?

I'm currently in university for environmental science, and in a lecture on paleoclimate our professor showed some graphs of climate in the Holocene and Pleistocene periods (included below), then ...
cafwin0's user avatar
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5 votes
1 answer
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Dedicated book to understand climate and ocean science

Let me explain: I am a physics student who did some basic earth science during my early high school days. But thinking about earth science makes me very curious about deeper topics, like how the ...
आर्यभट्ट's user avatar
25 votes
1 answer
2k views

Why is geothermal heat insignificant to surface temperature?

I believe the temperature gradient underground is as high as 30°C per kilometer of depth. Thus, it is very warm only 1 kilometer below the Earth's surface. Yet, it is commonly stated that geothermal ...
Peter A's user avatar
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Ocean oscillations with long time periods

I heard that some ocean oscillations act on a time scale of a millennium. Is this true, or at least argued by some oceanographers? If so, what are they and what causes them? If not, what are the ...
Peter A's user avatar
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4 votes
1 answer
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“Coastal regions experience moderate climate”. What size are these regions?

It’s common knowledge (and I’m expecting correct) that coastal regions experience moderate climate. But how far is the coastal region affected? Does this affect people sitting on the beach? The ...
Fernando César S.'s user avatar
1 vote
0 answers
57 views

What are some places that have never recorded an "ice day" nor a "tropical night"?

An ice day is a day on which the maximum temperature doesn't exceed 0 °C and a tropical night is a night on which the minimum temperature exceeds 20 °C. Probably no part of the tropics has experienced ...
user28506's user avatar
1 vote
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Rossby waves in the atmosphere

I have trouble understanding the Rossby waves in the atmosphere. Sometimes they are said to be caused by the jets moving from west to east. But the phase velocity of the waves is in the west direction ...
Nina's user avatar
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3 votes
2 answers
116 views

If all land mass was desert would the world be hotter or colder than it is now?

Its normally said that deserts cool planets because they reflect more radiation back to space. According to this logic if all the land mass in the world was desert the world should be colder. Is it ...
mudpuppy's user avatar
2 votes
0 answers
65 views

What are the next meteorology breakthroughs? [closed]

It seems to me that not much attention is given to meteorology these days. I am wondering if this is because it is an almost "solved" science in terms of what could be possibly known and ...
Redirectk's user avatar
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1 vote
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35 views

How has the earth's temperature stayed relatively stable despite all the heat released in the atmosphere by humans? [duplicate]

If one considers the sum total of human heat emissions, especially over the last 3 centuries, the temperature increase over the time period does not seem to be commensurate. What gives? What self ...
Suraj Pandya's user avatar
1 vote
0 answers
31 views

How much shifts the Subtropical high zone from 30 degrees during seasons?

The Intertropical Convergence Zone (ITCZ) is a band of low pressure that runs around the planet Earth; The Polar front is the Arctic band of low pressure that run around 60° N and south. Both those ...
Naima's user avatar
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1 vote
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On the occurrence of 'two summers' on certain regions of the Earth

My conception is that the two factors affecting seasons should be the following: The relative duration of day and night throughout one rotation The angle made by the sunlight w.r.t the normal to the ...
Ambica Govind's user avatar
3 votes
0 answers
24 views

Daily data for snow water equivalent (not including rain)

Do you know a way to find daily snow water equivalent data, for just snow and not any rain that may have fallen same day? Backstory: Hi, I'm pretty new to all this. I work for a small city that wants ...
fnea's user avatar
  • 31
3 votes
3 answers
97 views

Why do clouds have positive climate feedback although they have a cooling net effect?

In a lecture we learned that instantaneously removing all clouds from earth would give radiation forcing of about 18W/m² [1], leading to significant warming. So clouds, in simple words, cool the earth ...
MichaelW's user avatar
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1 vote
1 answer
62 views

Is good rainfall in the UK the result of being a small island surrounded by large moving seas, having mountains and trapped salt [closed]

If the mountains were levelled and salt removed would the country experience as much rainfall? Context Damp in houses: Salt absorbs moisture: think of plaster walls that grow mould from proximity to a ...
Steve Tomlin's user avatar
4 votes
0 answers
42 views

is there any site a layman can understand excess rain (floods) and earth warming

I am not a scientist but I am interested in the effects of global warming on the envirand would like to read more in a layman form. I have read where global warming - hotter earth surface temperature ...
rhett's user avatar
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3 votes
1 answer
64 views

What are the main differences between the reference temperature and the average air temperature?

Last week when I was dealing with the North American Multi-Model Ensemble (NMME) seasonal forecasting system, a variable named “tref,” or Reference Temperature, caught my attention. I read some ...
Behzad's user avatar
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4 votes
1 answer
63 views

IPCC AR6 References

Does the IPCC publish its references (i.e. the references used in the report, not citations for the reports or chapters themselves) beyond what is in the PDFs of the reports themselves? I'm looking ...
Declan's user avatar
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3 votes
0 answers
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Approximating Soil Moisture level

Are there any simple models to approximate soil moisture level (%) as a function of distance from a waterbody (say a lake)? If one assigns saturation level of lake to 100% , then are there any ...
user1889930's user avatar
4 votes
0 answers
58 views

What is the definition for a hyper-humid area?

We can use the aridity index $\left ( ai = \dfrac{P}{PET} \right )$ to define arid areas. Hyperarid areas have $ai < 0.05$. Is there a similar threshold for hyper-humid regions? Would it be 20 (...
Pedro Alencar's user avatar
1 vote
0 answers
55 views

Why are rainy seasons different in different locations?

I noticed that the Middle East's rainy season generally runs from November to May; but Florida, which is at almost the same latitude, is exactly the opposite, peaking from May to November. Can anyone ...
Jordan Fine's user avatar
2 votes
0 answers
24 views

What was the physical environment like in the Fertile Cresent between 10k BCE and 1 CE?

Mesopotamia was part of the Fertile Crescent, and Assur was an Assyrian city in Mesopotamia for roughly 1500 years, but it looks like this now (barely any vegetation, pure desert): What was the ...
Lance's user avatar
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1 vote
0 answers
240 views

How do I calculate the Madden-Julian Oscillation (MJO) phase from RMM1 & RMM2? [closed]

I want to calculate the Madden-Julian Oscillation (MJO) phase by myself using Real-time Multivariate MJO series 1 (RMM1) and 2 (RMM2) from a data file. The formula for doing so is: $MJO phase = \...
Markela's user avatar
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1 vote
2 answers
413 views

What is the current atmospheric concentration of $\small\sf{CO_2}$ in the atmosphere in atm (or bar)?

For some reason, I can only find the answer in ppm and I don’t know how to do this conversion.
Elhammo's user avatar
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4 votes
0 answers
42 views

Why do the isotherms bulge north of the Bering Strait in winter, and bulge south of the Bering Strait in summer?

My grade-7 geography textbook contains these world average temperatures for January and July. Average air temperatures in January (winter in the northern hemisphere) Average air temperatures in July ...
Rebecca J. Stones's user avatar
2 votes
3 answers
3k views

ERA5 Single Level - Calculate relative humidity

for ERA5 hourly data on single level relative humidity can not be downloaded. However, dewpoint temperature is given and in the description it is stated that "combined with temperature and ...
Anna Wenning's user avatar
3 votes
0 answers
82 views

Change in vapour pressure due to climate change

I was just wondering how much the vapour pressure has changed due to climate change. Because with changing temperatures, the vapour pressure also changes; this is described by the Clausius-Clapeyron ...
Weiss's user avatar
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20 votes
2 answers
7k views

Why do colder climates have more rugged coasts?

I've been playing Worldle for a while, and noticed that colder countries seem to have more rugged coasts. See Svalbard for example: And Patagonia: Whereas e.g. Bali is smoother: Does it have ...
Simon Bohnen's user avatar
2 votes
1 answer
56 views

If radiative forcing will remain the same when 'net-zero' is achieved, why do some experts think the climate will not warm after this?

As argued in this Nature letter [1] by Matthews and Weaver, when we achieve net-zero emissions further warming will cease. The authors cite numerous models, and say that future emissions are a leading ...
user27203's user avatar
2 votes
0 answers
38 views

What would the climate and greenhouse effects be if the oceans contained half as much water?

Imagine the Earth contains 50% the water it currently contains. The oceans are still located in the same place, but they are much shallower. How would this affect the climate and the climate stability ...
Elhammo's user avatar
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3 votes
0 answers
86 views

How quickly climate zones are shifting due to climate change!

Hi I was wondering how fast the climate zones (according to W. Köppen) have shifted in the last 22 years. It is well known that the zones shift about 100-200 km to the north or south for each degree ...
Weiss's user avatar
  • 1,906
3 votes
2 answers
195 views

How does the increase in CO2 concentration model explain the extreme lower colder temperatures

With burning of fossil fuels resulting in increased CO2 concentration, I get how increase in CO2 leads to a hotter planet and global warming because Earth's heat balance has been affected by CO2 ...
rhett's user avatar
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