# All Questions

4,514 questions
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### Seismic data acquisition: reliability of high-bandwidth data

In my research, finding and understanding info relating to the lower end of (conventional) surface seismic data acquisition (i.e. 15 - 1 Hz) is relatively simple. However, when I look at specs for a ...
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### Model impact of atmopsheric circulation changes on precipitation dD of a region

I'm looking to model the impact of broad scale atmospheric circulation changes on the hydrogen isotope ratio of precipitation for a given region. As an example, what impact does a high pressure system ...
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### Where does molecular hydrogen in the atmosphere come from?

This figure from Wikipedia's Atmosphere of Earth shows a hydrogen fraction of 0.000055 percent by volume. Question: Where does molecular hydrogen in the atmosphere come from? Does this come directly ...
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### Is it possible to know the tides of a particular location 50 years or 100 years from now?

Assuming no change in sea level (for the sake of argument), is it possible to know the high and low tides a half century or more in the future? Is information like this available to the general ...
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### Just how dry could Ben Nevis get? Is this surprising?

The BBC article Soggy Ben Nevis can be remarkably dry describes results of a crowdscience effort to transcribe historical meteorological records recorded manually by researchers living on top of "Ben ...
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### vertical seismic profile and waveform

In seismic imaging, I once saw two terms: Vertical seismic profiling(VSP) and waveforms, what are their relationships and ...
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### How to calculate relative humidity from temperature, dew point, and pressure? [duplicate]

Is there a formula given the temperature, dew point, and pressure to find relative humidity? I have seen several calculators like this one, but I would like to know how to calculate this myself. I ...
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### Rock ID: large, black, rusty, matetic [on hold]

I cut a piece of off a large rock I found in my yard in Tucson, Arizona. It is a large, heavy, black, and rusty rock. It is matetic. The photo is a picture of the inside. Can you tell me what it is?
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### Please identify rock from Caribbean [on hold]

I found this rock washed up at shore in Punta Cana, Dominican Republic. It weighs ?30 lbs. Some people have felt it was man-made somehow but I don't think so. Does anyone have any ideas? Thank you!
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### Found this rock need help identifying please [on hold]

Found on the beach Looks like different type of rock sticking out of the main Rock
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### I need help identifying the rock I found [on hold]

I found this rock when I was walking around on the bluffs in Genoa Wisconsin and I need help identifying what it is.
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### What's the difference between cleavage and fracture?

I see both terms refereing to fractures on crystals or minerals, so I wonder if they could be considered synonymous. If no, what's the difference between both terms?
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### Calculate the maximum power angle of a solar panel (photovoltaics)

I want to calculate the maximum power angle of photovoltaics depending of the coordinates on Earth. That means at which angle I should align my solar panel to get the maximum power over the year? I ...
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### Why high tides occur simultaneously on opposite sides of the Earth?

From this question, this picture: As tides are mostly (2/3) due to gravity pull from the moon, I'd expect water is pulled in the direction of the moon, and high tide occurs only on the side ...
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### Is there a name for subduction boundaries at the North of Australia?

I know the ridge at the South of Australia is named Southeast Indian Ridge. I would like to know if there is a geological name for the three subduction branches that cross indonesian zone, at the ...
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### Glen's power-law alternatives

For glacier models, there exist alternatives to the Glen's power-law? I searched on internet, but I have not found other alternatives.
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### How high could snow form on a mountain?

I was reminded recently of a moment in the Eragon books where the main characters see a "tall" mountain range, and then after a minute realize that the white sky stretching up above them is just ...
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### Meteorite or igneous rock? [on hold]

I found it in desert, there is not any evidence of igneous or metamorphic rocks around it, it's density is more than 5, some magnetic, some parts have pyrite mineral, it does not melt with fire. many ...
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### Roughly what proportion of a cloud does 'rain out'?

What proportion of the water in a cloud will 'rain out'? Or, comparing the cloud before and after it has rained, what proportion of the water is left afterwards? I really have no idea so am just ...
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### Geology - Approximating Earthquake Intensity Radius Decay

McCue's formula ( $Rp = e^{\frac{MI}{1.01}-0.13}$) lets us, in a very crude approximation, assess an earthquake's intensity radius. However, I cannot find a formula which expresses this radius decay, ...
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I was doing a thorough and much needed deep cleaning in my apartment when I came across this little bag and it's full of this little rocks. I'd be very helpful to know what are they. Thank you so much ...
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### What are the farthest Time Zone locations? [on hold]

What place in the world has the farthest time zone? I heard it was Kiribati but then I found that Apia (Samoa) is further. So, is there anyplace that is the farthest in time than these two? What about ...
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### Temperature Advection using finite differences with gridded data

Advection of a scalar quantity, such as temperature (T), by the horizontal wind, is defined as follows: $-\textbf{U}\cdot\nabla T$ where $\textbf{U}$ is the horizontal wind vector, $\textbf{U}=(u,v)$...
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### Public sources of topographical data of Earth?

I would like to find sources of topographical data for Earth's surface. I've looked in GIS SE and Open Data SE but haven't found a good answer to this so I though I'd ask here in Earth Science. Are ...
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### Where are old Himawari weather satellite images available to the public? Is the 18-Dec-2018 Bearing Sea fireball still there?

In Scott Manley's new video 173 Kiloton Explosion Over Bering Sea Was Asteroid Breaking Up a bit after 01:30 he says The good news is that in these days of near-...
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### Data for plotting tephigrams

I want to plot some tephigrams. Where can I find pressure, temperature and dewpoint data in text format?
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### How do I get the velocity of the P-wave or S-wave without using the travel time graph?

I'm trying to write a program that would determine the magnitude and epicenter of an earthquake. From http://www.dartmouth.edu/~ears5/handouts/EQ_distance.html, the distance of the epicenter can be ...
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### How deep does the frost have to go before it becomes permafrost?

Supposing you had an unusually cold winter and a region that does not normally have permafrost. How deep would the frost have to go before it was too deep for it to thaw fully over summer?
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### Why does the frost depth increase when the surface temperature warms up?

We've had an unusual winter this year, with a late cold snap that is causing people's underground water lines to freeze. Now that the weather has warmed up quite a bit, even more people's lines are ...
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### What could be causing microseisms on Mars?

The anouncement published in Science Mini tremors detected on Mars for first time says that the Mars lander InSight is detecting microseisms on Mars after various vibrations produced by the lander and ...
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### How can flood inundation vary at the same river stage?

I've always thought that river flooding would always be the same at the same river stage. For example, if the river stage is at 20' flooding at location "x" would always be at the same depth. ...
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### How can I identify “tough” (mixed) granites?

I am trying to parse an old geologic description of stone suitable for use as road metal: Care must be taken to distinguish the difference between the hardness of a stone and its toughness......
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### transition elastic deformation to flow

Let's assume a small (and smooth) vertical deformation of the seabed. If done quickly, I can consider it a vertical force generating an acoustic wave in the water, where every particle of water ...
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### did muslim knew about iron coming from space 1400 years ago? [closed]

In the Muslim Quran there is chapter called chapter iron. god mentions something about the origin of iron. it goes like this: chapter 57-25 We have already sent Our messengers with clear ...
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### What goes into a tide power prediction for every fifteen minutes over the next twenty five years?

I was watching a segment about tidal power generation on a PBS NewsHour broadcast. I've set the time code at about 11:45 to capture a little background. This bit ...
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### Artifact? Found in US North Carolina close to Morrow Mountain State park [closed]

Scale in inches. I found this in a river. One surface of it (narrow surface) is so flat that I couldn’t quit looking at this find.
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### Hi! Can anyone help me to find what type of rock this might be

Hello, this rock was found on a hike near a stream of water at Eaton Canyon in Altadena, California. The rock seems to be made of layers that when hit against the concrete floor will break apart into ...
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### Has biology's influence in CO2/Phanerozoic variations been decisive?

I must say I always as geologist have explained myself CO2 changes at Earth's History in terms of Wilson Cycle. And I always thought biosphere is adapted to geology. But from two questions I link at ...
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### Any appreciable differences in microclimate on the shores of small mountain streams?

I have land in India (the tropics), in the hills, on a slope from 6800 feet - 5200 ft altitude (roughly). At that lowest point there's a stream of about 10-15m across. On one side is our land, on the ...
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It has lots of layers also on the other side has small clumps of gold
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### By how much did the Earth's diameter decrease due to cooling, if at all, since it was formed?

The answer to How long until Earth's core solidifies? question cites an estimation that the Earth (as a planet, not the surface of it) has cooled down by about 250K since it was formed. The question ...
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### About the actual radiative impact of greenhouse gas emission over time

Say we will emit a certain amount of greenhouse gas over the next 50 years (e.g. 100 billion tons CO2-eq in total). What would happen if I implement a certain GHG mitigation effort to cut the same ...
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### Rock I have never seen before [closed]

I don't know anything about this rock. My friend in Jaipur sent me picture. It looks unique but I've never seen it before Thank you Dennid
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### Why did the carboniferous period have so much atmospheric oxygen?

Even if all the carbon dioxide (which makes up less than 1% of the atmosphere) in the air were sequestered by plants, would the atmosphere not remain about 21% oxygen? Why did the carboniferous period ...
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### Identinification request [closed]

I found this rock in lake Elsinore ,ca by the ortaga mountains. This shows before and after cleaning It has hardness about 8 no streak it looked kinda been gray before cleaning and after a clear ...
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### What is a Rotating Shadowband Radiometer, and how does it work?

This answer explains that the device labeled "B" in the photo below is a "Ultraviolet Multifilter Rotating Shadowband Radiometer." What is a Rotating Shadowband Radiometer, and how does it work? ...
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### Time standard for IERS Bulletin A

IERS Bulletin A and Bulletin B contains Earth orientation parameters. These include the time difference between UT1 and UTC and pole position. The values for these parameters are listed once per day, ...