# Questions tagged [meteorology]

The study of how the earth's atmosphere works, including weather forecasting. Use this tag for questions about the earth's weather. When asking questions specifically about the atmosphere, also include the [atmosphere] tag.

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12 views

### How to specify a certain place in a (CDS) weather data query?

I am trying to get time series data for a specific place (latitude and longitude) for different weather elements from the CDS datapool. Therefore, I am using the cdsapi package and can run queries ...
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### Why is the mean meridional mass stream function multiplied by g/2π?

I was reading this material on the mean atmospheric meridional circulation and the definition of the meridional mass streamfunction: http://www.geo.cornell.edu/geology/faculty/Cook/Hadley_book.pdf (...
58 views

### Relation between Magnitude of Greenhouse Effect and the Concentration of GHGs like $CO_2$

The Average Surface Temperature of the Earth is calculated by the following equation: $$\sigma T_s^4=\frac{(1-A)\Omega}{4}+\Delta E$$ where, $\sigma$= Stefan-Boltzmann Constant $T_s$= Average Surface ...
481 views

### Why are January and February the coldest months although 21 December is the shortest day? [duplicate]

My question deals with the northern hemisphere only, obviously. It seems to me that January and February are the coldest months of the year. Water temperature is even more 'retarded': the seas are ...
11 views

### How to calculate the specific humidity based on the saturated specific humidity?

I am using ERA5 data to drive the land surface model. One of the forcing required by LSM is specific humidity. We want to use the 2-m specific humidity. So how can I calculate the specific humidity ...
37 views

### How to identify a metallic rock that when wet 2 pieces of same rock coming into close contact caused an explosive [closed]

Nearly round metallic rock found in Arkansas, inside is marbled with shining metallic. After cleaning with dawn, water and soft tootbrush I matched 2 parts together and turned my back, heard a loud ...
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### Relationship between rainwater and solar radiation

I am an enthusiast in this area and reading some scientific articles on precipitation forecasting and solar irradiation, I was wondering if these two variables have any direct correlation or ...
33 views

### Question regarding an ice age caused by impact event(s)

If a hypothetical series of debris were to collide into a planet like Earth, I'm aware that dust could very well be sent into orbit, causing global cooling. If this were to happen, exactly how would ...
29 views

### High vertical resolution atmospheric sounding data

I'm currently doing some analysis using atmospheric sounding data available at University of Wyoming (I assume these are from the GTS network). But, the vertical resolution of the sounding data ...
36 views

### A database with measurments of meteorological parameters at various altitudes

I am a P.h.D student working on effects of Evaporation duct on radio propagation. Pandemic is successfully stopping me from obtaining my own measurements for my thesis, but I would like to compare the ...
87 views

### Is a hotter climate making trees grow faster and have lighter wood?

I started thinking about this after seeing several articles about falling trees, in particular a few articles about very large trees falling in Los Angeles and New York City. Plus, just thinking about ...
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### Korea a lot colder than New England this year

Normally, here in New England we consider our weather to somewhat parallel Korea's weather. However, this year it seems to be much colder in Korea. They are having record lows while we are having a ...
78 views

### difference between different meteorological models

I need to work with historical weather data (temperature and precipitation), we use meteoblue.com. There (https://docs.meteoblue.com/en/meteo/data-sources/data-sources#data-sources) they write about ...
63 views

### Is the weather of Miami, Florida and the weather of Lagos, Nigeria the same

I've been to Lagos and it rains a lot sometimes overflooding but it's pretty sunny. I'm aware that it rains a lot too in Miami. Is the climate the same apart from Lagos being near Equator and ITCZ ...
62 views

### What factor(s) could cause this sort of temperature increase, mid-night/early morning?

I am new to having a PWS (Personal Weather Station). I have not found any answers explaining why this sometimes occurs aside from explanations given factors that were not variables in my case (winds, ...
78 views

### Why is the weather in San Francisco so different from that in San Jose?

San Francisco has around 5 months a year of intermittent rain. San Jose, just 50 miles south and nestled between mountains instead of between waters, has perhaps only 1 month of rain. San Francisco ...
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### Free historical weather data API

Where can I find a free Python API that provides historical weather data (temperature, rainfall)? I'd need data of an Italian city, at least with hourly granularity.
61 views

### How to measure global temperature?

people always talk about global temperature (such as the global temperature goal of 1,5 K) - but how is this value achieved? It seems to me that it clearly depends on where the measuring stations are, ...
32 views

### Is there an average year of weather across the United States?

I am interested in which year has the best representation of average weather across a large area, the contiguous USA. This is challenging since what was average in the Midwest might have been unusual ...
90 views

### Relative Humidity approximation from Dew Point and Temperature

I would like to find a formula to approximate RH based on known air temperature and dew point. I need the approximation to be valid at least between -20...+40 degrees Celsius. I read the accepted ...
61 views

### Why does wind direction change in a front? [duplicate]

Plenty of answers answer the question that it happens but I can't find a good answer as to why the wind shifts during the passing of a front. For an extreme example see: (in Dutch, x is hours and y ...
131 views

### Over what distance can weather be assumed to be constant?

Good afternoon, I'm working on an application makes calls to a weather API for different coordinates across the United States. Instead of getting the weather at each and every point, I'm planning on ...
33 views

### What are the leading methods for temporally interpolating wind data?

Weather providers, such as GFS and ECMWF usually provide their data in 3-6 hour intervals. What would be the best method to interpolate between the intervals to get a good intermediate wind model? I ...
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### Historical detailed rainfall recordings New Zealand

I'm wanting to know where/if I can find 2019 records of hourly rainfall in New Zealand particularly for November in Greymouth South Island
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### Why exactly did the use of Greek letters as names for Hurricanes happen the first place, despite the fairly obvious and predictable impracticalities?

The Washington Post article Hurricanes Eta and Iota brought disaster to Central America. Officials can’t retire their names. describes a complicated situation, aspects of which are: Eta roared ashore ...
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### what elevation is top of southeastern US summer humidity/haze layer?

We're interested in purchasing a vacation lake house in the piedmont/foothills of North Carolina. In earlier summers there, when driving from the mountains home to lower (sub-1000ft) elevations, I've ...
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### I would like to know where can I get historic global/national (preferably USA) level time-series data for the following (preferably gridded data)? [duplicate]

I would like to know where can I get historic global/national (preferably USA) level time-series data for the following (preferably gridded data)? Flood, Drought, Max temperature, Min temperature, ...
42 views

### Subsidence Inversion

With minimal knowledge of meteorology I understand how a high pressure system might lead to an inversion that builds as a high becomes more established, but why doesn’t the subsidence layer ever reach ...
56 views

### Why does the annual temperature range get bigger where latitude is higher?

Why does the annual temperature range get bigger where latitude is higher? Is it because of the ocean currents? Or is there any other factor that causes this situation?
408 views

### What are Atmospheric Rossby Waves and how do they affect the weather?

I've been researching Atmospheric Rossby waves but from the multiple sources I used they all seem to be in conflict. Some say Rossby waves are parcels of air moving from east to west due to the ...
83 views

### Lightning activity day curve - why it has high and narrow peak?

Atmospheric potential gradient changes during the day, as different areas of lightning activity come under Sun. This illustration from "The Carnegie Curve" by R. Giles Harrison shows ...
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### Question on the derivation of a prognostic equation for the mean concentration (Assume horizontal homogeneity in X)

In deriving the prognostic equation for the mean quantity of pollutant C, as shown in my solution below: Am I right in that I do not need to separate T (temperature) into its mean and turbulent parts ...
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### Vertical air speed

Assuming that the divergence varies linearly with the pressure between the surface (1000 hPa) and the tropopause (200 hPa). Can someone tell me how do we calculate the vertical speed on the pressure ...
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### Horizontal momentum flux in the surface layer

Given the question below, how would the kinematic momentum flux be at the surface layer? For letter a, why would it be that way (positive, negative, or 0)? Based on the answer below: I’m not sure if ...
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### Recommendations for books on boundary layer Meteorology?

Does anybody have any recommendations on books tackling Boundary layer Meteorology? I've seen the book by Roland Stull and Arya, but are there any other more updated ones that are as good as these two?...
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### Weather produced by symmetric cold core cyclones

I know that, although rare, there are symmetric cold core cyclones (with a few of them even having a shallow cold core). They encompass some occluded extratropical cyclones, some dissipating tropical ...
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### Why do cold-core lows slope towards the cold air with heigth? How to show mathematically that wind intensifies with height in this case?

I understand that from the hypsometric equation, in a cold core low the pressure gradient must increase with height, because in the center the isobars will be closer together: quente = hot, frio = ...
33 views

### Can I average the two RMM values?

The RMM values are sometimes quite different. Can I average the values of RMM1 and RMM2 and use it as an index for MJO?
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### Can a Humidity Differential move PM2.5 Pollution?

Observations There is a higher level of PM2.5 pollution outside of the house. Readings are in the 80-150 range due to wildfires. (PM2.5 levels determined by sensors in PurpleAir.com's sensor network) ...
54 views

### How do I find the temperature of the air mass, and how do I use a t-skew chart?

So the first problem I'm stuck on is this one: An airmass is moving down a mountain from point A to B. At A the temperature is -10 Celsius and the pressure is 890hPa. At point B the pressure is 1010 ...
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### Has a hurricane ever crossed the Atlantic Ocean more than once?

I noticed that Paulette (2020) is still a named storm and is now approaching northern Africa and Spain. It is forecast to begin moving west again in the coming week. Has a hurricane / tropical storm ...
104 views

### How to interpret the negative (actual) evapotranspiration values?

I am exploring FLUXNET sites for actual evapotranspiration (ETP) data (I convert the energy balance closure-corrected latent heat to ETP). I am interested in the half-hourly data. During the night we ...
76 views

### How do upper-level cyclones and anticyclones affect surface level winds?

Take something like the Bermuda High, for instance. I drew a crude illustration of it. It steers hot, humid air from the Gulf of Mexico towards the east coast of North America. But upper level winds ...
32 views

### In a mesocyclone, why does wind shear create a horizontal axis of spinning air?

Take a look at this picture. Moist updrafts interact with highly-sheared upper-level winds, which sets up a horizontal vortex. But why? What causes the air to be forced downward and to the right, then ...
129 views

### What will happen if the Greek letter names were exhausted for naming tropical storms?

The traditional list of hurricane names for the year goes from A to W, and, in the very rare occurrence that the W storm has formed and there is another tropical storm out there, then the Greek letter ...
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### In the future, is the World Meteorological Organization going to allow Hurricanes Zeta, Eta, and Theta to exist simultaneously?

In the 2005 Atlantic Hurricane Season, we got all the way to Tropical Storm Zeta, which is the current record. This year we may very well surpass that. However, right after Zeta come Eta and then ...
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### difference between climatology and meteorology only [duplicate]

Some basic differences are needed for children to understand only. The language should be simple enough so that any age understands for 5 to 99 or maybe 100.
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### wrf_chemi file with 30 time steps

I creat wrfchemi file for my wrf-chem, my wrfchemi file has 30 time step, frames_per_auxinput5 = 30, 30, auxinput5_inname = "wrfchemi_d", auxinput5_interval_m = 60, 60, ...